This research, based on Bentham's philosophy of pleasure and suffering, has assumed the pleasure as happiness and suffering as poverty and it is following the evaluation of the suffering caused by poverty on pleasure of happiness equality. Absolute and relative poverty can lead to happiness inequality as moving the line of poverty to the higher deciles of income will lead to more happiness gap in the deciles. In this way, this research, by using Markov Switching method, has evaluated the effect of absolute poverty on happiness inequality during the period 1985-2012 and also has evaluated the effect of relative poverty on happiness inequality during the period 1979-2012 in Iran’ s economy. The results from estimated research models showed that absolute and relative poverty have a significant positive impact on happiness inequality in Iran’ s society.

Some studies revealed that, where the level of regional development, climatic conditions, and the relative food prices are considerably varying across regions, determining one national poverty line for all the regions may not disclose regional disparities and does not provide a true picture of poverty in the country. In such circumstances, specifying regional specific poverty lines are preferred to the one national proverty line. The present study tries to test the suitability of the national poverty line in measuring the level of poverty in the provinces of Iran, using the revealed preference principles. To this end, provincial absolute poverty lines are estimated and tested for utility based consistency using revealed preference theory and data on food consumption patterns of Iranain households, generated by the National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute and Statistical Centre of Iran in 2012. Results indicate that in most of the provinces, the estimated absolute poverty linesare not consistence even after imposing some adjustment. Consequently, the use of one national poverty line would not appropriately reflect the povertly lines in different provinces of Iran. This suggests that a separate poverty food basket is required to be specified for each of the provinces based on the more available food items in each provinces, and a provincial poverty line has to be defined accordingly.

Extended Abstract Purpose: Pricing of gasoline and the necessity of reforms in this area are perpetual concerns among experts and policymakers of the country. By allocating a large volume of subsidy to gasoline, not only has the main goal of supporting the poor classes of the society remained unrealized, but it has also created various problems such as excessive consumption, smuggling, and the spread of pollution. In this study, an effort is made to propose a new pricing policy for gasoline with the aim of reducing poverty in the society. In this scenario, a certain allocation (60 liters per month at a fixed price of 15000 Rials) will be preserved, and only non-allocated gasoline will be subject to a floating price and a 5% tax based on consumption. This study introduces a scenario and examines its effects on various types of poverty (absolute and relative) compared to the current situation. Methodology: The gasoline consumption data of 78255 households residing in the provinces of the country during the years 2017-2020 were collected and categorized into four groups (less than 60 liters, 60 to 80 liters, 80 to 120 liters, and more than 120 liters). This was based on the view that the amount of gasoline consumption is a part of the household income. The data were derived from expenditure surveys conducted by the Statistical Center of Iran. By employing an ideal demand system model and seemingly unrelated regression method, the share of nine selected commodity groups from the household consumption basket, including (food, clothing and footwear, housing, water, sewage, fuel, lighting, health and medical services, gasoline, transportation excluding gasoline, cultural and recreational services, prepared foods, hotels, and restaurants, and other goods and services) were examined while taking into account demographic variables including household size, gender, age, marital status, employment status, education, and home ownership of the heads of households. Price and income elasticities were extracted, the Compensating Variation (CV) measure of changes was calculated, and household cost information, poverty (absolute and relative) simulation and estimation were conducted, assuming the implementation of the proposed scenario. Findings and Discussion: The income elasticity of gasoline demand is less than one for all consumption categories. This elasticity has the highest value for consumption categories of less than 60 liters per month (the monthly allocation) and indicates a higher sensitivity of this category compared to other gasoline consumption categories. With the increase of income, the gasoline consumption of this group, as it has not yet reached its saturation point, increases more than other groups. For non-rationed consumption, there is a positive income elasticity trend alongside an increase in gasoline consumption, indicating that gasoline consumption also increases with increasing income. The elasticity of gasoline price showed that this commodity is essential for households, and an increase in its price has no significant effect on their consumption. Nevertheless, gasoline consumers within the monthly rationed range (60 liters) have a stronger reaction to price changes, and any price change affects the basic needs of households belonging to this consumption category. Households belonging to the consumption category of more than 120 liters have the lowest price elasticity, and it is necessary to change the pricing method to make them sensitive to the price of gasoline. Implementing the proposed scenario and imposing taxes on the consumption exceeding the allocated ration for households will result in changes in the welfare of households based on their level of consumption. To estimate the Compensating Variation (CV), the percentage change in the allocated budget share of the commodity group, the approximate relative price changes, and Hicksian price elasticity (compensation) were calculated. By implementing the policy of imposing taxes on excess consumption, households that consume between 60 to 80 liters of gasoline monthly will receive an additional 800, 467 Rials for their welfare, and households with consumption between 80 to 120 liters and over 120 liters monthly will lose 5, 843, 089 Rials and 21, 361, 290 Rials of welfare, respectively. After adding and subtracting the calculated welfare to household expenses, simulations were performed, and poverty (absolute and relative) was recalculated. The results showed that adding welfare to low-consumption households reduces the poverty rate compared to the current situation. Among the demographic variables examined, except for the virtual age variable, which has an inverse relationship with gasoline consumption, the other demographic variables including household size, home ownership, gender, education, employment, income ownership, and marital status of the heads of households have significant and direct relationships with gasoline consumption Conclusion and Policy Implications: Currently, the policy of stabilizing gasoline prices in a two-tiered system (allocated and non-allocated prices) is being implemented, which will not be a logical solution in inflationary conditions. A solution needs to be proposed to partially amend and control the gasoline consumption pattern while taking into account the social-political dimensions of pricing reforms. Therefore, in this study, the scenario of non-allocated gasoline pricing proportional to the level of consumption was analyzed as a proposed solution. The results showed that implementing the proposed scenario leads to a reduction in poverty (absolute and relative). This finding has a significant impact on the decision-making of policymakers in order to improve the level of welfare in the society.

The first step in the fight against poverty and exclusion, is awareness of the situation of poverty. In considering this issue In the present study, Using household income and expenditure statistics studied for measuring poverty in rural and urban areas of iran during 2009-1989. To achieve this purpose, after the introduction of the definition of poverty and its and review of previous studies, Issues of poverty measurement and calculation of poverty and also it is presented the introduces of methods used in this study is presented. To obtain the absolute poverty line, food poverty line approach based on minimum basic needs are calculated and added to the minimum non-food requirements. The results indicate that:In the period under review, poverty eradication programs, poverty reduction in urban areas than in rural areas were more successful,The absolute poverty lines in urban areas has been more than in rural areas has been,Absolute Poverty rate and poverty gap in rural areas has been more than in urban areas,Indicator of absolute poverty in urban areas since 1385 and in rural areas since 1384 has been rising.

Since human beings are confronted with diverse needs, their not being satisfied leads to the multidimensional poverty. The economists, therefore, have recently paid attention to the necessity of multidimensional approach to poverty measurement, have specified some criteria in regard to the phenomenon and have enumerated three approaches of income (welfare), capability and social participation. Examining the concept of poverty in Islamic jurisprudence and teachings also reveals that Islam adopts a more comprehensive approach to this issue, and that some of the poverty kinds and dimensions that have been pointed out in Islam are not found in the conventional economics at all, which is due to the difference between their principles and foundations. The author also compares the multidimensional poverty approaches in Islam and the conventional economics, and concludes that Islam doesn't adopt the income approach and doesn't determine a unique poverty line, but the jurisprudential criteria of poverty consider relative rather than absolute poverty, and that by emphasizing on relative poverty, Islam aims at eliminating inequality and bringing the different social classes closer to each other. Such cases as the Fourteen Innocent Ones' providing the poor with production instruments rather than with direct financial aids and their not making people to perform non-professional and non-favorite jobs resemble the capability approach, and the introduction of the concept of "status" into the jurisprudence resembles the social participation approach in conventional economics. This makes the Islamic poverty line criteria different from the relative poverty in conventional economics. Indeed, observing one's status and merit is a more specific criterion in order to decrease the difference between the economic standards of livening of the persons inhabitant in any class.

People and poverty reduction in the country's economic well-being is basically one of the main objectives of economic development programs. One way of measuring poverty is through economic indicators. The aim of this study was to answer the question that what has been trend of poverty and extreme poverty in urban areas of the Province during the period (2008-2011)? The study, based on data from the Statistical Centre of Iran and the price of the food basket through the Central Bank were achieved for a 4-year period (1998-2001). Inspired by the methods of relative poverty, absolute intensity has been investigated. Results show that inflation has an average ascending of 6. 9% and the cost of supplying standard food basket during the mentioned period has increased by about 32%. The results also indicate that relative average monthly urban growth line using was 35. 3%, and the intensity of poverty relative to average growth method was equivalent to 20. 5%, and finally the absolute poverty line using monthly average has increased by 18%.

This paper attempt to presents the pattern of distribution poverty among Iranian households calculated by the two criteria, absolute poverty and relative poverty considering socio-economic characteristics (e.g. urban or rural), the household head's educational level, age, occupation, and economic activity, as well as the location of the household's residence. The research results indicate that during the period in review the rural population poverty share to the country's total poverty has exceeded that of the urban peoples, the former following a downward trend and the latter has an upward trend. The households whose head is in the age group above 55 are poorer than those in the other age groups, and the households whose head is engaged in the agricultural activities or in unskilled job are poorer than those in the other occupations. Meanwhile, with regard to the poverty, the results indicate that the highest rate relates to the households whose head is a family worker or a self-employed worker.      

Solving social problems requires understanding that problem. Moreover presentation of any kinds of strategy to figure out the issue of poverty necessitates recognition. Due to this argument, researchers in this article try, first of all, to study the trend of poverty in Iran so as to attain a general understanding of the trend. To do so, the main approach of this study is library research in which accessible documents on situation of poverty in Iran were studied. Then researchers tried to study the documents so that the amount of changes in poverty can be recognized. Furthermore while there is an attempt to provide the newest theories suggested for poverty eradication, authors evaluates the effectiveness of the plans designed to eradicate the poverty in Iran and found the limitation of these plans. Findings show that most of texts indicate a great growth of poverty. Also because of lack of understanding poverty by itself, the proposed plans for eradicating it have not been successful in Iran.

The nature of in-poverty and the necessary policies to reduce it are different from general poverty. Therefore, and considering the importance of this phenomenon in Iran, in this research, its indicators were calculated with the approach of income poverty for the years 2004-2020 and the factors affecting the probability of reducing in-work poverty were investigated. The results show that these indices have fluctuated in this period, but have a rising trend in recent years. The headcount ratio of in-work poverty is lower than the general poverty of the population and the difference between them has increased at the end of the period. Also, the average number of employees of the poor population is less than the average number of employees of the entire population. Based on the results of a logistic model estimation was determined that gender, the square of age, elementary education, being unskilled, being a wage earner (rural areas), the dimension of the household and working in the agriculture sector increase the probability of poverty, while degree of household independence, literacy of the household head, age, number of hours and days of work, multiple job holding, academic education, being an employer, working in the public sector and working in the industry reduce the probability of poverty.

In order to determine the role of the US withdrawal from Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPA) in 2018 in the evolution and change of the poverty framing, this study analyzes how poverty is framed in two categories of specialized (including leadership, Dolat, Mizan, Icana) and general websites (including Fars, Moj and Young Journalists Club) during 2017, 2018 and 2019. For this, it uses Framing as a theory, and the technique of Pan and Kosicki’s Frame analysis as a research method. Findings are categorized in four groups as syntactical, script, thematic, and rhetorical. The review indicates that 42,302 news and reports are distributed in these websites in the research period that 275 were identified as samples and recorded and analyzed in Maxquda software. The results show that, except for the Young Journalists Club, the way poverty is framed has changed on all cases since the imposition of sanctions, and sanctions highlighted as one of the main causes of poverty in the framing of poverty. In regard of agenda setting, the coverage of poverty news and reports is less than 10%; the poverty news coverage has been declining over the three years under study. The websites of Leadership and Moj have the largest coverage, and Young Journalists Club has the least amount (less than 1%) of coverage. Due to his type of agenda setting, the problem of poverty is marginalized in public opinion. The framing of poverty with emphasis on the US withdrawal from JCPA as the cause of poverty represent poverty as a temporary issue, silences the voice of the poor, and depicts the emergence of a new social form in Iranian society.